How Do Braces Work? The Science Behind Straighter Teeth

The Science of Tooth Movement

Braces work by applying constant, gentle pressure to your teeth over an extended period. This pressure causes a biological process called bone remodeling — the bone on one side of the tooth dissolves while new bone forms on the other side, allowing the tooth to move into its new position. It sounds simple but it is remarkably precise, moving teeth as little as 0.25mm per adjustment.

Components and Their Roles

Each part of your braces has a specific job. Brackets bonded to each tooth serve as handles. The archwire threads through the brackets and provides the force that moves teeth. Elastic ties hold the wire in place. Rubber bands correct bite alignment between your upper and lower arches. Springs and power chains handle specific movements like closing gaps.

What Happens at Each Adjustment

Every 4-6 weeks, your orthodontist replaces your archwire with a new one that is slightly different in shape or thickness. This resets the pressure on your teeth and guides them toward their next position. The wires start thin and flexible, then progress to thicker, stiffer wires as treatment advances.

Month-by-Month Timeline

Months 1-3: Alignment phase — the initial wire corrects major crowding and rotation. Months 4-8: Leveling phase — teeth are brought to the same height and the arch is rounded into shape. Months 9-18: Bite correction — rubber bands and heavier wires fine-tune how your upper and lower teeth fit together. Months 18-24: Finishing — final adjustments perfect the details.